Cognitive decline complicates a wide range of neurological conditions, from Alzheimer’s disease and stroke to epilepsy and traumatic brain injury. Yet, we still lack robust pharmacological options that can modify the underlying disease rather than just treat symptoms. Because these disorders share several core mechanisms—including neuroinflammation, disrupted metal homeostasis, oxidative stress, and blood-brain barrier breakdown—there is a strong translational case for drugs that can simultaneously target multiple mechanisms. Disulfiram, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor approved for alcohol use disorder, has recently garnered interest as a repurposing candidate due to its pharmacological effects extending beyond alcohol aversion. This review synthesizes the mechanistic and preclinical evidence supporting disulfiram as a potential neuroprotective strategy for cognitive impairment. The central premise is that disulfiram and its metabolite diethyldithiocarbamate engage several disease-relevant pathways: enhancement of ADAM10-dependent non-amyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein processing, inhibition of gasdermin D pore formation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, modulation of copper homeostasis and ferredoxin 1-associated cuproptosis signaling, and preservation of blood-brain barrier integrity. Evidence from models of Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, intracranial hemorrhage, and ethanol-related neurotoxicity indicates that disulfiram can attenuate neuropathological injury and, in selected models, improve learning, memory, or behavioral outcomes. Nonetheless, the current evidence remains predominantly preclinical, heterogeneous, and limited by uncertainty regarding brain exposure, dosing, formulation, long-term safety, and patient selection. Clinical translation will necessitate biomarker-informed trials, careful management of hepatic, neurological, psychiatric, and alcohol-related risks, and a clear distinction between neuroprotection and demonstrated cognitive benefit. Overall, disulfiram represents a timely example of mechanism-led neuropharmacological repurposing, yet its role in cognitive disorders should be considered a testable therapeutic hypothesis rather than an established intervention.

Background: Ischemic stroke is a major cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. Oxidative stress and inflammation play central roles in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury, highlighting the need for effective neuroprotective strategies.\nObjective: To evaluate and compare the neuroprotective effects of β-glucan, nerinetide, and fluvastatin, and to assess their dose-dependent efficacy in an experimental model of cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury.\nMethods: Adult rats were randomly assigned to normal control, sham-operated, ischemia–reperfusion untreated, and treatment groups receiving β-glucan, nerinetide, or fluvastatin at low and high doses (six rats per group). Cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury was induced experimentally. Oxidative stress markers, including glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and reactive oxygen species, were measured in brain sample. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, while dose-dependent effects were evaluated using Welch’s independent samples t-test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\nResults: Ischemia–reperfusion injury significantly increased oxidative stress, as evidenced by elevated reactive oxygen species levels and reduced antioxidant enzyme activities. Treatment with β-glucan, nerinetide, and fluvastatin significantly attenuated oxidative stress compared with the untreated group. High-dose regimens generally produced greater improvements in oxidative stress markers than low-dose regimens, indicating a dose-dependent effect. Among the tested agents, nerinetide and fluvastatin demonstrated comparatively stronger antioxidant effects.\nConclusion: β-Glucan, nerinetide, and fluvastatin exert significant neuroprotective effects against ischemia–reperfusion-induced oxidative damage, with evidence of dose-dependent efficacy. These findings support their potential as therapeutic candidates for mitigating oxidative stress in ischemic stroke.

Cancer during pregnancy is increasingly common, leading to greater use of systemic antineoplastic therapy during gestation. Although chemotherapy administered during the second and third trimesters is generally considered relatively safe with respect to major congenital malformations, its long-term effects on offspring neurodevelopment remain incompletely characterized. Epidemiological evidence largely demonstrates preserved global intelligence in exposed children; however, subtle impairments in higher-order cognitive domains, including executive function, working memory, and visuospatial processing, have been reported, with treatment-related iatrogenic prematurity being a key confounding factor in neurodevelopmental outcomes in this population. From a neuropharmacological perspective, fetal central nervous system vulnerability may arise from transplacental drug transfer, developmental immaturity of the fetal blood–brain barrier, direct cytotoxicity to neural stem and progenitor cells, chemotherapy-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and disruption of oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination. Recent genomic studies have revealed persistent somatic mutational signatures in fetal hematopoietic stem cells following in utero exposure to platinum-based chemotherapy. Individual susceptibility may be influenced by pharmacogenetic polymorphisms in genes involved in neuronal repair and synaptic plasticity, such as APOE and BDNF, and by chemotherapy-induced epigenetic reprogramming. Collectively, these findings highlight the need for prospective longitudinal surveillance and the development of targeted neuroprotective strategies for children exposed to chemotherapy in utero.

Tirzepatide (TZP) has emerged as a significant therapeutic agent for the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In response to meals, TZP enhances insulin secretion by leveraging the incretin effect of GLP-1 and GIP. This review elucidates the mechanism of action of TZP in regulating weight and blood glucose levels. Additionally, the review explores other medical applications of TZP. Moreover, the potential application of TZP in neurodegenerative disorders is also considered. However, this review addresses ongoing debates about the long-term safety and metabolic effects of TZP, particularly regarding GIP stimulation, which may lead to adverse outcomes such as fat redistribution and lipogenesis. Recent cardiovascular outcome data have established its non-inferiority to other GLP-1 agonists, although discussions persist regarding the precise role of GIP agonism and long-term cost-effectiveness. The review underscores the necessity for a balanced approach that integrates scientific accuracy with ethical responsibility when considering TZP for metabolic disorders. The review highlights the importance of ongoing research to fully understand the benefits and risks of TZP, ultimately aiming to improve patient outcomes in the management of obesity and T2DM. This comprehensive analysis serves as a foundation for future studies and clinical applications of TZP in metabolic health.

This study is a descriptive and correlational study to investigate students’ mastery of essential mathematics concept and find the connection to their critical and creative thinking. The subjects of the study consisted of 234 junior high school students from various schools in high, average, and low qualities. The results of the study indicated that 1) Students’ mastery of essential mathematics concept are at average level; 2) The difficulties encountered by the students come from internal factor (themselves), and external factors (teachers, the characteristics of mathematics, schoolmates and the facilities; 3) There is a significant relationship between students’ mastery of essential mathematics concept and their critical thinking; 4) The correlation between the ability to be skilled in essential math concept and their creative thinking is at high level.

This study considers Bayesian estimation of the Frechet distribution based on type-II censored sample. Bayesian estimators are developed under asymmetric loss functions using noninformative priors. Bayesian estimators cannot be obtained in explicit forms. Approximate Bayesian estimates are computed using Lindley's approximation. An extensive simulation study is carried out to compare the Bayesian estimates with maximum likelihood counterparts. A real data set is analyzed for illustrative purposes.

The application areas of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) have been increasing day by day. The machining of CFRP with incorrect machining parameters leads in huge loss cost and time. Therefore, it is very important that the composite materials are machined with correct machining parameters. The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of drilling parameters on tensile strength in drilling of CFRP. The drilling operations were carried out on CNC by WC, HSS and Brad Spur drill bit types with spindle speeds of 1000, 3000 and 5000 rpm and feed rates of 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 mm/rev. The results indicate that the surface roughness, delamination and thrust force, were affected by drilling parameters; thereby tensile strength was also affected by the same parameters. It has been observed that increase in surface roughness, delamination and thrust force lead to the decrease of tensile strength of CFRP. If the correctly drilling parameters are selected; the decrease in tensile strength of CFRP can be saved up to 25%.

Objective: Aircraft Servicing, Maintenance, Repair & Overhaul Activity in the Indian Aircraft Industry is to achieve reliability, availability of the aircraft and to ensure safe operation at minimum cost. Maintenance costs have been identified as the major component of the total operating costs of an aircraft and significantly impact the overall life cycle cost of the Aircraft. Aircraft Maintenance consists of number of complex activities, generally known as “Servicing, Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (SMRO)”1. In line with this, the objective of present study is to emphasize on various factors that were considered by IAI for outsourcing SMRO, Analysing the critical areas of core competencies that are to be focused by the industry with clear identification of the areas that are to be outsourced for SMRO of the aircraft and to identify the strengths for developing such SMRO centers in India utilizing new innovative technologies including Internet of Things (IOT). Analysis: In the study seven major Factors with ten sub factors in each group, totaling 70 factors, have been considered and analyzed with the data collected from 295 officials in 52 groups in Aircraft Industry in India. Various factors related to SMRO strengths and weaknesses were also looked into. Various performance measures of the SMRO centers were also analyzed in the similar lines with major emphasis on speed, flexibility, quality, cost and reliability aspects of both at present scenario and expected future for next five years. Reliability tests for all variables/constructs have been conducted and inferences were drawn. Outcome: This paper gives a view of present scenario of SMRO in India along with future prospects giving various factors and sub-factors and their intensity on the market system. These studies also provide an insight of accessibility and availability of SMRO facilities and accentuate on the performance measures of existing facilities. Findings: The study could identify the important factors and their contribution for SMRO outsourcing in IAI. The study helped in developing a modus-operandi for identification of right SMRO through the method ELECTRE III. The study has also brought-out various risk factors in SMRO stations and agencies, which would help Indian Aircraft Industry with all its consortium industries to become the hub for world’s best SMRO centers. Application: This study is focused on developing right methodology to outsource various maintenance activities to several repair stations basing on specified parameters and capabilities to improve productivity. Identifying and investigating inconsistencies helps in the pursuit of theoretical edifice and ascertain the solutions to the problems. Various issues that were encountered by Service, Maintenance Repair and Overhaul (SMRO) Stations have been addressed, including shortage of skilled and qualified workforce, availability of Rotables, BOI’s and spare parts, adherence to changes in spare parts utilization regulations to current requirements, improvised role of Supervision of Certification agencies viz., Civil Aviation Authority, (CAA), Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and Center for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC), and various revisions suggested by these Certification Agencies in terms of their specified Regulations.

Climate change has been significantly changing our ecosystem and affecting flowering time of plants due to increases in temperature which induces earlier flowering across habitats. The effects of climate change are expected to be more apparent in dry regions due to high irregularity of precipitation and temperature regimes. Examination of long-term climate change effects on plants and detection of changes in flowering time are possible due to increased digitization of historical herbarium specimens. In this study, I analyzed shifts in early flowering time of plant species collected in a semi-arid region in the USA using a herbarium database. In total, 7070 herbarium records (39 families, 110 genera and 167 species) were examined. There are significant shifts in early flowering day of 17 species in Trans-Pecos ecoregion over the last century. Seven of these species delayed flowering 17 to 34 days, whereas in ten species flowering started 31 to 55 days earlier. Shifts in flowering period affects growth of insect/pollinator populations, arrival of migratory birds, intra- and inter-specific competition of plants, and interaction of these factors eventually can affect ecosystem services and productivity. Therefore, results of study may contribute to understanding the expression of plant reproductive strategies and the ability of plants to respond climate change by providing long-term historical phenological data.

This article deals with the study of the flow of the Jeffery fluid between two parallel plates with rotating system in the presence of heat transfer. The upper plate is fixed and the lower plate is stretched. The governing equations are transforming into a set of coupled nonlinear differential equation by using a similarity transformation. For the solution of nonlinear equations Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is used. The physical presentation of embedded parameters have been shown graphically and discussed. For better comprehension, the physical presentation of the modelled parameters such as Prandtl number , Brinkman Number , Deborah number , Viscosity parameter and Rotation parameter are plotted graphically and discussed.

La finalidad fundamental de este artículo es discutir los problemas estructurales que presenta el sector agrícola, con énfasis en América Latina. Se tienen dificultades que difieren de los países más desarrollados, en especial, luego de las políticas de apertura económica que se implementaron en la región desde los años ochenta. Afectan a este sector primario de la economía, las condiciones de vida rural, la situación de pobreza e inequidad que se tiene en los países, así como el enfrentar los subsidios agrícolas que se realizan en las naciones de mayor desarrollo, en particular en Estados Unidos y Europa. Una de las principales conclusiones es que mientras el escenario actual se mantenga, la región continuará relegando a este sector económico y aumentará los rasgos de vulnerabilidad económica en los países.

Jejunal diverticulum is an extremely rare condition that can be discovered incidentally during celiotomy. An 80-year-old man presented with general fatigue. The patient had no history of laparotomy or peritonitis. Laboratory tests revealed iron deficiency anemia. Colonoscopy showed a normal mucosa, but gastroscopy showed advanced gastric cancer. Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy with Billroth I gastroduodenostomy was performed. During the preoperative examinations, a plain abdominal X-ray demonstrated distension of the small bowel and multiple air–fluid interfaces. Computed tomography showed multiple nodular dilatations of the jejunum. Intraoperative findings revealed the presence of multiple jejunal diverticula emerging from the mesenteric border. Because the patient had no history of symptoms associated with jejunal diverticula, no surgical procedure was performed to treat these.

Secure data communication is the need of hour today specifically when the wireless communication channel is insecure. We are proposing a protocol which can be customized in variety of situations. We want to use steganography as a complementary tool for cryptography. The protocol utilizes the nature of communication protocol and it is even useful for places where data hiding or cryptography is illegal. We are giving a name to these kinds of networks as disturbed networks. The proposed peer to peer protocol is very useful for insecure channels and we provide complete analysis to validate its utility.

In this paper, we prove the existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence of solutions for the nonlinear weighted fractional neutral functional differential equation of order $0<\alpha <1$, with infinite delay and nonzero initial values including the standard Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative. The techniques employed in proof of results are the variety of tools of fractional calculus including Schauder's fixed point theorem and Banach's fixed point theorem. Examples are provided to illustrate our main results.

Abstract— A hybrid full bridge resonant converter used for spark generation in an automobile ignition system is presented in this paper. Efficiency and capability to produce a spark of maximum possible voltage even at high RPM is the significant contribution of this design. Usually, in ignition systems, switching elements (such as inductors in inductive charge based ignition or capacitors in capacitive discharge based ignition) must be charged quite often to obtain significant DC voltages (greater than 10 kV) at the spark plug end. Resonant converter topologies can be used for this purpose. The proposed system is driven by a hybrid resonant converter circuit that uses an inductor in series and a capacitor in parallel; Pulses are generated with the help of an internal microcontroller in the proposed system. The performance of this converter is compared with an existing system (capacitive discharge type), and the advantages and limitations are reviewed. Simulation of the ignition systems was carried out in MATLAB Simulink, and the results are presented. A prototype of resonant converter based ignition system is designed and tested which confirms that its efficiency is better than that of a capacitive discharge based system.

In this paper, a transient study is performed on isolated diesel wind hybrid power system (IDWPS) using small-signal analysis in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The hybrid power system is comprised of the diesel system with IEEE Excitation System Type-I, the wind system with Permanent Magnet Induction Generator (PM-IG) and STATCOM (COM) Type-I controller for additional reactive power support ANFIS-based COM is trained from the data obtained from conventional PI-based COM for improving the system performance in terms of voltage and reactive power under three different wind capacity scenarios. Dynamic responses are compared on the basis of settling time (in seconds), overshoot & undershoot (in per units) and number of oscillations. The whole system including ANFIS-based COM is first transformed and then simulated in real time environment using real time simulator (OPAL-RT OP4510) for accurate analysis of real power system model. This transformed ANFIS-based COM is termed as R-ANFIS-based COM. This work demonstrates the need for real time implementation of proposed ANFIS based COM in contrast to offline implementation of ANFIS based COM.

To survive and prosper in a constantly changing business environment, firms must design their operational structures, systems, strategies and super ordinate goals to organically adjust the possible changes to their operational environment most of which come unannounced. The acquisition of strong network ties remains a functional pre-requisite in this adventure. We sought in this study, to explore the extent to which strategy-driven motivation factors and relational motivational factors significantly influence acquisition of network ties. Our data was procured from a sample of 150 managers and owners of small scale automobile firms recruited from an automobile cluster in Ghana. We adapted but modified a feed-forward neural network model where data propagate along the connections in the direction from the network inputs to the network outputs from the extant literature. Our results show a complementary relationship between the effect of interactions that precede the development of cooperation among organizations (relational factors) and strategic forces which involves the deployment of firm’s core competencies to define direction and purpose to achieve competitive advantage. It was particularly observed that the prediction inaccuracy of the relational motivation factors outperforms each of the strategic motivation parameters as far as contribution or hindrance to acquisition of network ties is concerned. We propose the need for firms in automobile SMEs in Ghana to harness potential sources of competitive strength such as previous experience of working together with others, success of previous collaborations, common third parties and personal relationships as the key driving force to attainment of competitive advantage over and above other factors so identified in the research.