Objectives: This study is to investigate the influence of mineral and chemical admixtures on the hydration of cement pastes by a replacement process of 30%. Methods: Cement pastes are made in accordance with ASTM C192M. the samples were kept at a constant room temperature of 2.5 °C until reached ambient temperature,the hydration behavior of blended cement pastes was studied at different temperatures ranging from 30 to 90°C and at constant water/solid ratios of 0.4 using an isothermal conduction calorimeter. A specific gravity 3.15, and special surface area of 410 m2 /kg.Silica fume with a specific gravity of 2.20 and special surface area of 22.500 m2 /kg was employed. Fly ash with a surface area of 2900 cm2 /gm and specific gravity of 2.2 were measured. Findings: The results show a high intensity of the main peaks with a lower hydration temperature range between 30°C and 40°C. In contrast, at different temperatures (60°C and 90°C), it was shown the quantity of hydration decreased. The cumulative heat of hydration of blended cement paste is reduced with an increase of mineral and chemical admixtures. The activation energy Ea obtained at different temperatures of 30,40,50, 60,80 for mineral admixtures and chemical admixtures was 69.4, 57.67, 100, 87, and 66.23, respectively, and 0.65, 0.51, 0.45, 1.00, 0,90. Novelty: The performance of each material employed in cementitious composites, both chemically and minerally, admixtures affects the composites' fresh and hardened qualities. Nevertheless, very few studies have looked at the performance of mineral and chemical admixtures. As a low-cost substitute for commercial admixtures, the results obtained by both chemical and mineral admixtures give us the following completely new points in this articleThey also have a strong capability of optimizing the physical and chemical behavior of cement produced in the Najran cement industry.

This case study details the clinical management of a severe honeybee (Apis dorsata) attack on an eight-year-old Holstein Friesian crossbred cow at the Bargur Cattle Research Station, Tamil Nadu. The giant rock bee (Apis dorsata), is highly defensive and delivers venomous stings capable of inducing severe toxic and allergic reactions in animals. The incident occurred when a disturbed beehive triggered an aggressive swarm attack on a tethered cow. The animal sustained multiple stings and exhibited clinical signs including hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnoea, agitation and multiple cutaneous swelling (urticarial plaques) surrounding the several body parts, especially in head, neck and lateral side of the abdomen. Haematological analysis revealed hallmark signs of haemolytic anaemia: decreased haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), along with elevated platelet counts and decreased white blood cells (WBC). Emergency treatment included mechanical removal of stingers, followed by administration of Atropine Sulphate, Chlorpheniramine Maleate (an antihistamine), and a broad-spectrum antibiotic combination of Strepto-Penicillin S with fluid therapy. This therapeutic approach targeted the toxic, allergic, and potential secondary bacterial complications associated with bee venom. The cow showed a positive response to treatment, with full clinical recovery observed. This case underscores the critical importance of prompt diagnosis and intervention in managing Apis dorsata envenomation. The potent haemolytic and inflammatory effects of its venom necessitate heightened awareness and rapid veterinary response to mitigate morbidity and mortality in affected livestock.

Background: Breastfeeding (BF) improves food security (FS) in underprivileged and Indigenous communities and strongly correlates with midwifery practice. This paper examines the generational history of breastfeeding in the resilient and culturally diverse Mazahua Otomi (MO) community and its relationship to midwifery, traditional herbalism, and food security. Research Aim: To analyze the time of generational breastfeeding (BF) and relate it to midwifery, traditional herbalism, and food security. Methods: A structured survey, conducted under the esteemed auspices of the Intercultural University of the State of Mexico (UIEM), was administered to the students, their mothers, and their paternal and maternal grandmothers, ensuring the reliability and quality of the data collected. Results: In three generations, the lactation period has been 13.73 months, which is above the national average and has remained constant. Births by midwives have decreased at a rate of 35%, and there is a surplus of 16% more births by midwives compared to the mestizo community. 55% of the MO community perceive that through BF, there is a saving to the family economy of between 50% and 100%. Conclusion: This study's findings underscore the substantial contribution of MO's breastfeeding practices, midwifery, and use of medicinal plants to FS in the first 13 months of infants' lives. This is particularly significant regarding the accessibility of food and herbal resources, providing crucial insights for future research and policy development.

Background: Regulatory interventions play a crucial role in shaping the healthcare sector by addressing quality, cost, and access issues. Evaluating the impact of these interventions is essential for policymakers and researchers to understand their effectiveness. Objective: The purpose of this paper was to explore current literature to identify and analyze methodologies used to measure the impact of regulatory interventions in the healthcare sector. Main text: A comprehensive search of academic databases was conducted, and relevant articles were screened and included for understanding the specific methodologies employed in the evaluation of the impact of regulatory interventions within the healthcare sector across the world. Three main methods, use of patients and healthcare professionals, spontaneous reporting, and multidisciplinary models emerged as the commonly used approaches in measuring the impact of regulatory interventions. Conclusions: The review synthesizes the findings and discusses the strengths, limitations, and potential future directions in measuring the impact of regulatory interventions in the healthcare sector.

Background: The pharmaceutical industry plays a major role in healthcare by improving health outcomes, fostering innovation, and ensuring the availability of essential medicines available to a wide population. As the pharmaceutical market develops in view of the Vision 2030 framework, it is imperative for community pharmacists to diversify their expertise in Saudi Arabia. Objective: This study investigated the motivations, perceived facilitators, and barriers that affect community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia in pursuing a postgraduate degree in pharmaceutical marketing. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 194 community pharmacy professionals in Saudi Arabia between March and October 2024. Data were gathered via a structured questionnaire regarding pharmacists’ demographics, motivations, perceived facilitating factors, and obstacles to obtaining a master’s degree in pharmaceutical marketing. The data were analyzed in IBM’s Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) using descriptive statistics. Results: In total, 194 participants expressed interest in a master’s degree in pharmaceutical marketing, with 73.5% motivated by professional advancement, 75.2% by salary increase, and 72.6% by job stability. Flexibility in work schedules (59.3%) and the availability of scholarships (57.5%), coupled with accelerated degree programs and online course options, emerged as important facilitating factors. Significant barriers were program cost (51.3%), lack of time (57.1%), and tight work schedules (51.8%), together with lack of local programs and proximity to retirement. Conclusion: The study shows that Saudi community pharmacists have a significant interest in pursuing pharmaceutical marketing at the higher education level, mainly for professional advancement and financial benefits. To increase enrollment, it is essential to address barriers, particularly those related to financial and logistical constraints. These findings are beneficial to policymakers, education institutions, and industry stakeholders to facilitate the development of targeted programs that meet the evolving needs of the pharmacy workforce in Saudi Arabia in alignment with the Vision 2030 objectives.

Invasive Fungal Infections (IFIs) have increasingly become a concern in many parts of the world. Challenges around early and effective diagnostics as well as shifting demographic characteristics are among the critical factors driving the increasing threat of IFIs. The aim of the current study was to estimate the burden of three main IFIs— Candida infections, Aspergillus infections, and Mucormycosis—in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected from published government records, research studies directly focusing on these diseases in Saudi Arabia, and expert advice from healthcare professionals where some data were completely unavailable to guide the estimation of the burden of disease. Findings showed that with a total population of slightly above 32 million according to the government records of 2022, Saudi Arabia’s major burden of the investigated IFIs is associated with Candida infections. Among 1,568 cases appearing in records used in this study to inform the burden of disease for Candida infections, it was determined that four main strains exist, Candida Albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida krusei. C. Albicans presents the highest burden owing to the many cases (40.11%, n = 629) that emerged from the total cases reported in all cases. Aspergillus emerged as the second most burdening IFI, with an estimated burden of about 2,445 cases per year, and with the Aspergillus flavu being the most prevalent strain in Saudi Arabia. Mucormycosis was not a major threat, with the estimated burden of disease being 109 cases per year for the entire population. Other IFIs reported in the data records were cryptococcal meningitis, gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis, and brain abscesses, but none of these presented any significant burden. The findings show that the highest burden of IFIs in Saudi Arabia is due to Candida infections and particularly the C. Albicans strain, with Aspergillus coming closely as the second most burdening condition. Accordingly, in healthcare planning and resource allocation to address IFIs, there is need for the government and other relevant stakeholders to focus on enhancing resources for the diagnosis and treatment of cases of Candida and Aspergillus infections, as these represent the most significant burden.

Background: The goal of this systematic review was to investigate the existing literature on community pharmacists' knowledge, attitudes, roles, and practices concerning pharmaceutical management strategies. The goal was to understand various attributes that influence the engagement of community pharmacists in their support and involvement on pharmacovigilance, research and development (R&D), quality assurance, regulatory compliance, and risk management pharmaceutical management practices. Methods: The researchers searched five scholarly databases, Medline, EMBASE, ProQuest, PubMed, and Scopus for articles to review. The process entailed the use of a wide range of key words and a search string to identify and select suitable studies. The entire study methodology was based on the PRISMA guidelines. A total of 2110 studies emerged on the primary search, and after screening for suitability of inclusion 21 studies were reviewed. Results: Findings showed that community pharmacists possess substantial knowledge on the different pharmaceutical management strategies; pharmacovigilance, research and development (R&D), quality assurance, regulatory compliance, and risk management. Community pharmacists have some knowledge, commitment, and positive attitude for supporting different pharmaceutical management strategies. However, there is still room for improvement as in some areas the knowledge and attitudes that community pharmacists is not sufficient for optimal healthcare outcomes. Conclusions: Stakeholders such as higher education institutions, government agencies, and management teams in pharmacy have a role to play to support better knowledge and attitude to enable community pharmacists to fully engage in roles that support different pharmaceutical managerial strategies.

Background: Marketing is an essential attribute for pharmacists’ effectiveness in promoting better health in communities, as it creates a critical awareness among stakeholders, including government policy makers, private practitioners in community pharmacy, universities and colleges offering pharmacy education, and the wider community, regarding the products and services available in community pharmacies. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the willingness, involvement, beliefs, and barriers faced by pharmacy professionals in Saudi Arabia in their efforts to implement various pharmaceutical marketing strategies aimed at enhancing product and service awareness in pharmacies. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving a total of 200 pharmacy professionals from different regions of Saudi Arabia was carried out between March 1st and October 7, 2024. Results: Most of the participants (52.0%, n = 104) were male, and between the ages of 30-39 (84.5%, n = 169). Findings showed a strong willingness and deep involvement of pharmacy professionals in offering pharmaceutical strategies. Over 85% (n = 170) of the participants indicated a strong belief in the positive impact of effective pharmaceutical marketing strategies on better health outcomes. Similarly, over 87% (n = 175) of the participants identified several significant barriers to the effective implementation of pharmaceutical marketing strategies, including insufficient profitability, inadequate training, a lack of reimbursement from employers and consumers, insufficient management support, and the lack of established standards to guide the framework for these strategies. Conclusions: In conclusion, it is essential that relevant stakeholders, including government healthcare agencies and pharmacy management nationwide, to take proactive steps to address and resolve the identified obstacles and enhance health outcomes by facilitating the effective implementation of pharmaceutical marketing strategies by pharmacy professionals.

This study presents the comparative assessment of the 2, 4, 8 and 12 story RC frame buildings designed using DDBD (direct displacement based design) and convectional FBD (force based design) approach as per Indian standards. The designed moment resisting RC frames are analyzed using nonlinear time-history analysis with six earthquake accelerograms and the damage index is investigated through lateral drift profile of the models. Then all the considered frames are analyzed using nonlinear static pushover analysis to obtain the capacity curve and the performance point. The response reduction factor of the designed RC frames is evaluated from the capacity curve. Comparison of the nonlinear time-history analysis results in terms of inter-story drift and nonlinear static analysis results in terms of performance point and response reduction factor for RC frame buildings indicate efficiency of the DDBD approach.

Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-butylacrylate-co-N-hydroxymethylacrylamide) has been synthesized by free radical polymerization at 70 °C. Copolymer were characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis and viscometric methods. Invertase was immobilized onto poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-co-butyl acrylate-co-N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide) by entrapment method. Optimum parameters (pH, temperature, substrate concentration, amount of polymer) for immobilization to obtain maximum activity were investigated. Kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax, of the free and immobilized invertases were also assayed. Immobilized enzyme showed lower Km value than free enzyme. Results showed that immobilization enhanced the enzyme stability against changes of pH and temperature. One of the most interesting results is that the optimum operational temperature of the immobilized enzyme was 15 °C higher than that of the free enzyme. The next is the activity of the immobilized enzyme at the optimum temperature (70 °C) was approximately the same as the activity of the free enzyme at its optimum temperature (55 °C).

Pesticides designed specifically for pest and weed control leach into aquatic environments after application and threaten non target organisms such as crustaceans that live, spawn and reproduce there. Accumulation of these pollutants in organisms could be detrimental to their physiological properties after exposure. As haemocyanin is pivotal to respiration in crustaceans, the potential ability of pesticides to inactivate or distort haemocyanin would have detrimental consequences. In this study, effects of parathion on the transport properties of the common shore crab, Carcinus maenas, was conducted by exposing its haemocyanin to different concentrations (0.5, 10 and 25 mg/ml).The readings on the oxygen properties of the common shore crab were examined at 5 minutes interval in the presence of pesticides. Control experiment had no pesticides. Results showed that parathion significantly altered the haemocyanin oxygen properties (p<0.05), which indicates a formation of covalent bond with the shore crab. There is a need to develop a vision for the future of these unique organisms as well as the communities that depend on them so as to instigate strategies and projects that will enhance the conservation of their biodiversity by using environmental friendly pesticides such as non-chemical pest control and weed control methods maybe recommended to reduce adverse effects on C. maenas and non-target aquatic biota.

Most people (90%) use the right hand (righties) for physical activity, the rest (9%) use the left hand (lefties), and 1% use both (ambidexterity). The survey results in 4 elementary schools and 4 senior high schools in Palembang show that the ability of the students’ left hand is lower than the ability of their right hand. The purpose of this study is to analyze the training method of drill 1 and drill 2, endurance as well as male and female on the success of throwing fresbee to the target.\nThe method of the study was quasi-experimental. The sample were 80 people consists of 40 elementary school students and 40 students of Binadarma University in Palembang. The sampling technique was purposive random sampling. The data were collected by experiment, data analysis by using Two-way analysis of variance (Anava) and significance level α (Sig <0,05). The data were processed by using SPSS.16. Multiple comparison tests by using Duncan test.\nThe results show that the pretest of drill experiment is 33, posttest is 201 and g score is168, for control group, the pretest drill is 33, posttest 44 and g score 11. The results of drill test give effect on throw result, (p = 0,000728). Muscular endurance (p = 0,00000). Age (p = 0,00000). Gender (p = 0,00000).\nIt is concluded that: 1). There is an effect between drill 1 and drill 2 to improve the accuracy of fresbee throw to the target. 2). There is an effect of long and short muscle endurance to improve the accuracy of fresbee throw to the target. 3). There is an influence between old and young ages to improve the accuracy of fresbee throw to the target. 4). There is an influence between men and women to improve the accuracy of fresbee throw into the target. The significance of the study, it is expected that drill practice method can be used as one way to revitalize the left hand in the fresbee game.

Literature has shown that external focus of attention enhances skill learning more than internal and control condition. In the present study we compared two different kind of skill based of their nature. Participants performed gymnastic cartwheel and badminton long serve tasks under three instructional conditions (external focus of attention, internal focus of attention and control condition) for 18 training sessions. In long serve task, external group was better than other two groups in acquisition and retention tests that is in congruent with previous literature, but in cartwheel task that has different nature (close skill and no object manipulation) external group was significantly better than other groups. It seems that attentional instruction should be select based on skill nature and its environmental demands.