Introduction: This study aims to establish a universal standard for software application icons, enhancing computer usability for visually impaired and elderly users. It addresses the challenges of graphical interfaces, focusing on developing an intuitive, ontology-based classification system for software icons. Methods: Utilizing Prot�g� for ontology construction, we systematically classified software function icons into tree structures. The methodology involved analyzing existing icon standards and applying the Toronto Visual Enterprise (TOVE) project methodology. Initially centered on Microsoft Word icons, the ontology was expanded to include a broader range of software functionalities. Results: Our method resulted in a user-friendly icon classification system with efficient search functions. Refined through user feedback, especially from visually impaired individuals, the study established a comprehensive and standardized icon set, enhancing software usability. Discussion: The findings indicate that the ontology-based approach significantly improves computer usage for visually impaired users, offering new guidelines for accessible software design. This research contributes to creating more inclusive software interfaces and marks a notable advancement in accessible technology. Implications for Practitioners: The study provides practical insights for software developers and designers in creating more accessible interfaces. The standardized icon set and classification system can be directly applied in software development, improving the usability for a diverse user base. This approach not only aids in complying with accessibility standards but also enhances the overall user experience, making software more intuitive and inclusive.

The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the growth performance of crossbred heifers. A total of eighteen (18) crossbred heifers, above 1 year of age (16-18 months) with similar body weights were selected for the experiment. The herd was divided into three groups, each consisting of 6 animals. The experimental groups were termed as control (T0), Treatment 1 (T1) and Treatment 2 (T2). The heifers of the experimental groups were individually fed a basal diet that consisted of a concentrate ration and roughages along with supplementation of 1.5gm/animal/day of dry yeast powder in T1 and 3gm/animal/day of dry yeast powder in T2 group respectively for a period of 90 days . The average initial and final body weight at 6 th fortnight of the heifers were found to be 188.18 ±1.07 , 188.32 ±0.89 . 188.61 ±0.79 kg and 216.41 ±1.18, 218.55 ±1.19 and 220.65 ±1.33 kg in T0, T1and T2 groups respectively. An increase of 28.23, 30.23 and 32.04 kg of body weight was in the respective groups. Analysis of variance of data did not imply any significant difference (P>0.05) of body weight and its interaction of the heifers in the experimental groups. The body weights of the heifers in all experimental groups increased linearly from 1st to 6th fortnight. The average mean daily body weight gain in T0, T1 and T2 were found to be 0.33 ± 0.04, 0.34 ±0.01, 0.35 ± 0.01kg in the 1st fortnight and 0.31 ± 0.05, 0.36 ±0.02 and 0.39 ±0.02 kg respectively in the 6th fortnight. The overall mean gain in daily body weight was observed to be 0.31 ± 0.03kg in T0 group, 0.35 ± 0.06kg in T1 and 0.36 ± 0.07kg in T2 group. The analysis of variance results showed that the mean average daily weight gain in T1 and T2 groups were significantly higher than T0. The results of one way analysis of variance showed that the average daily gain (ADG) to be significantly high (P<0.05) in T1 and T2 groups compared to T0 from 4 th to 6th fortnight. The overall mean fortnightly gain in body weight was significantly high (P<0.05) in T1 (4.94± 0.12kg) and T2 (5.31 ± 0.10 kg) groups as well as compared to T0 group(4.56 ± 0.04kg). With respect to individual fortnights, the average body weight gain was found to be higher in T1 and T2 groups than T0 group from 4th to 6th fortnight. The initial measurements of the body conformation traits in T0, T1 and T2 respectively were found to be 110.49±0.67, 110.89±0.42, 112.16±0.31 cm with respect to body length of heifers, 135.23±0.34, 135.45±0.21 and 135.52±0.16 cm with respect to heart girth and 107.51±0.21 ,107.95±0.25 and 108.51± 0.21cm with respect to height at wither and the final conformation traits of body length, hearth girth and height at wither were respectively recorded as 122.22±0.47 , 122.32±0.26 and 124.46±0.40 cm in T0, T1 and T2 respectively , 139.18±0.22 , 139.61±0.21 and 140.15±0.31 cm in T0, T1 and T2 respectively and 117.24±0.31 , 117.67±0.21 and 118.11±0.22 cm in T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The overall average values of the body conformation traits (cm) in T0, T1and T2 groups were found in accordance as 116.60±0.27 cm, 116.76±0.29 cm and 117.66±0.24 cm for body length, 136.96±0.12 , 137.29±0.99 , 137.69±0.13 cm for heart girth and 112.04±0.22 , 112.51±0.20 and 113.17±0.21 cm for height at wither . Increase in linear body measurements from 1st fortnight to 6th fortnight along with body weight was observed in all the three parameters. Analysis of data on body conformation traits showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in body length, hearth girth and height at wither. Also, all the parameters were seen to been higher in yeast supplemented group compared to control group. Further, correlation of the body measurements with body weight were studied and it was found that the linear body measurements were highly correlated (P<0.01) with body weight. The coefficient of correlation (r) of body length with body weight were found as 0.832, 0.907, 0.838 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively. With respect to heart girth, the coefficient of correlation with body weight was found to be 0.928, 0.931, 0.929 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively and the height at wither was found to be correlated to body weight as 0.915, 0.812 and 0.886 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The mean daily feed intake was found to be 4.37 ± 0.03, 4.39 ± 0.02 and 4.42 ± 0.02 kg/day in the 1st fortnight and 4.91 ± 0.03 , 4.93 ± 0.02 and 4.95 ± 0.03 kg/day in the 6th fortnight in T0, T1 and T2 respectively. The overall mean daily feed intake was found to be 4.66 ± 0.03, 4.68 ± 0.03 and 4.72± 0.02 kg/day in T0, T1 and T2 respectively. An increase in daily feed intake was observed successively in each fortnight. However, the results of the analysis of variance showed no significant (P>0.05) difference amongst the different experimental groups. With respect to the parameter of feed conversion efficiency, T1 and T2 showed better FCE ratio compared to T0. The FCE found in T0, T1 and T2 respectively in the 1st fortnight was 12.04 ±0.21, 12.22 ±0.30 and 11.58 ±0.35 and 12.03 ±0.32, 10.93 ±0.25 and 10.28 ±0.23 respectively in the 6th fortnight. The overall mean FCE observed in the three groups were 12.18 ±0.08, 11.45±0.22 and 10.93 ±0.19 in T0, T1 and T2 respectively. Results of analysis of variance revealed a highly significant (P<0.01) effect of supplementation of S.cerevisiae on the feed conversion efficiency of the experimental animals (T1 and T2 groups). A post-hoc test was further conducted and the results revealed that the FCE in T2 and T1 groups was significant from 3rd fortnight to 6th fortnight compared to the heifers of T0 group.

In a life time, a person visits several hospitals to undergo medical examination for various health issues. When new health issues occur, a record of recent medical reports is necessary for diagnosis. Therefore it is crucial to exchange patient’s diagnostic information between the hospitals securely. To transmit such information securely in deceptive environment the effective way is encrypting and hiding it over patient digital photographic image and medical image. Among the various hiding techniques the most widely used technique for medical images is the Least Significant Bit (LSB) substitution technique. Many LSB substitution techniques were developed to enhance both security and image quality of stego-medical images. However, existing approaches were failed to maintain the quality of original images. To overcome this problem we proposed an Adaptive Row-Column (ARC) approach for LSB substitution technique that minimize mean square error(MSE) values and maximize the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) to get both enhanced security and image quality. To further enhance the security and image quality of stego-medical images ARC algorithm is extended to embed both original and inverted cipher text (ARC-OI).

The present work concerns the estimation of the rodent’s damages on the Arachis hypogaea L., 1753 and the Pisum sativum L., 1753 in the Souf region (south-east Algeria). The considered station 1 presents by 4 ha of the surface and the station 2 has a surface of 3 ha, located in the northwest of the Souf region. Pendant the period from October till December 2014. The station 3 takes a surface of 10 ha, it is located in the northwest of the Souf region. During February 2015. The first reflections of the damages amount in a deterioration of the harvest, in particular the pods broken or drilled and cut petioles, even so said eaten away times. However, the first estimations of the damages are estimated at approximately 15 % for the peanut and of 35 % for the pea of the total production, which is attacked. Captures realized on the spot show that the author of these acts is Gerbillus sp. Concerning the plots of land of the peanut and Rattus rattus who concerns the plot of pea land.

The combination of both Fibre and Wireless (Fi-Wi) offer super bandwidth for bolstering the future services of wireless access point. An optic fibre communication is becoming one of the infrastructure medium for providing vast bandwidth for both mobile and fixed users to support video on the internet applications. This can be realized by substituting the electrical components of traditional network with optic ones. However, The Radio over Fibre (RoF) technology is considered a reliable and cost-effective tool to distribute simple and small Remote Antenna Units (RAUs) in the wireless access networks. The central operation can achieve a dynamic resource allocation to small cells. In this paper, a new radio/millimeter over fibre link is proposed using Single Mode Fibre (SMF). The simulation model is built in Matlab environment. The performance is reported for various lengths of SMF and wireless channel distances. The system transports 10 Gbit/s pseudo random sequence data modulated on 60 GHz carrier using Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), the result is modulated by electro optic modulator based on 1550 nm coherent optical carrier. The Quality of Service (QoS) of the system relies on attenuation impairments and chromatic dispersion of SMF.

Two dimensional scattering and diffraction of plane SH-waves by a cylindrical tunnel surrounded by a homogeneous, isotropic and linear elastic wedge-space is studied. Steady-state analytical solutions are obtained by using the method of wave function expansion. Stress-free conditions at flat surfaces are satisfied by image technique and addition theorems. Due to the utilization of the image technique, the solutions are obtained for a fixed vertex angle and two different angles of incidence. It is shown that both the location and the material properties of the tunnel remarkably affects surface motions. These effects are demonstrated by graphics.

The study seeks to examine the use of time-out in water polo. For this, was analyzed it uses by coaches men\'s category in Water polo World Championship held in Melbourne, Australia 2007. All matches were recorded by a digital video camera, located in a central and elevated position on the midfield line. Subsequently, several observers unrelated to this study, which had been previously trained, analyzed all time outs using the software Polo Análisis Banquillo v1.0. The variables observed were the game period, the momentary results, the reason to apply, the previous and later situational framework, the immediate effect and the final score. It is observed that men\'s water polo coaches make more use of time-out in the last period, with an adverse score, after a temporary expulsion, being numerical equality to pass to inequality play, no goal is achieved and its requested further by the losing team.

The article very vividly highlights about the significant factors that enables a retiree to go for second innings. Time and again it has been observed that people opt for a second innings due to lack of social security and other factors like family compulsion, financial instability, etc. Private sector employees almost go for a second innings employment whereas the government sector ones are on positive side as far as social security is concerned.

The peculiar location of West Africa on the World map suggests that the region is prone to be under severe atmospheric influences from other regions. With a population of over 300 million people, the human activity and its corresponding impact on the climate system of the region is worth noting. The meteorological exploration of funded projects like AERONET, AMMA, DACCIWA e.t.c. in West Africa shows the peculiarity of the danger that life-forms in West Africa might be facing in the next two decades. The documentation of salient discoveries over the West Africa Monsoon and whose challenges may be the possible answers to questions on the West Africa climate system. A review on the satellite exploration within 2002-2006 shows the anomalies which require intense concern by all and sundry.