An impact assessment of a rural development program seeks to measure the effectiveness and outcomes of the program in achieving its goals and objectives. This involves analysing the changes brought about by the program in the targeted rural communities, including economic, social and environmental impacts. Moreover, it will ensure whether the project or intervention is economically viable, socially equitable and environmentally sustainable. The present review analyse and interpret the impact assessments in a broader agenda of evidence-based policymaking. Further, different impact assessments methods are discussed that can be used at various stages of a project. It is helpful for program managers to enhance accountability, determine budget allocations and guide program design and policy decisions. Indicators are important tools used to measure impact along a scale or dimension. All indicators related to the program are taken into consideration when assessing the impact. Based on causal inference (cause-and-effect relationships), different research designs such as randomized control design, propensity score matching and difference-in-difference methods are frequently used for impact assessment was discussed. In overall, the present review, correct the decision-making as well as guides the design and implementation of future rural development programs in light of its impact.

Restriction Site Associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) is a widely used sequencing-by-synthesis genotyping approach for exploring genomic variants including Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) without incurring much of the cost. These methods are advantageous over Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) when cost and computation are impeding factors and SNP chipsets when ascertainment bias needs to be tackled. RAD-seq takes advantage of the specific restriction sites of restriction enzymes (RE) for sequencing the genomic fragments adjacent to the sites in model as well as non-model organisms, for which no prior knowledge is required in the latter. The various versions of RAD-seq, being flexible, can serve as a promising tool for addressing a diverse range of biological questions in a wide variety of organisms. Therefore, the advantages and applicability of RAD sequencing methods have been reviewed in this article from the beginners’ perspective.

Bovine abortion is one of the most important causes of economic losses in Algerian cattle farms and industry. A descriptive epidemiological survey was conducted from November 2021 to November 2022 in eastern Algeria to quantify the extent of this scourge and to evaluate the risk factors for reporting abortions using a questionnaire intended for 150 practising veterinarians randomly distributed in five wilayas of eastern Algeria. The statistical analysis of the different risk factors was carried out using a univariate and then multivariate logistic regression model. The results obtained showed that 83.3% of the veterinarians audited had had an abortion rate of more than 5% during the previous 12 months. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, one risk factor and one protective factor were identified. Indeed, all the areas studied had a very high risk of bovine abortion cases: Batna (odds ratio [OR] = 24.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39 - 278.66), Sétif (OR= 73.08; 95% CI: 4.37-669.68), Mila (OR= 245.22; CI: 18.51 - 2306.71) and Bordj Bou Arreridj (OR= 49.09; CI: 3.57-738.69). However, the summer season (OR= 0.23; 95% CI: 0.06 - 0.48) was considered a protective factor, designated as the period of least reporting of abortions by the audited veterinarians compared to winter and autumn.

DC-DC converters are widely used in modern power systems including renewable energy integration, High Voltage DC Transmission system (HVDC), battery chargers, laptops and other home appliances. Suitable controller design for step up Boost DC-DC converter is important to increase its performance in various applications like renewable energy integration and control circuitries. Linear controller are proved to be inefficient under varying operating conditions. Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) is a nonlinear controller offering advantages of robustness, fast dynamic response and ease of implementation.\nIn this research work, SMC for Boost converter is proposed and analyzed using MATLAB® SIMULINK® as simulation platform. State space modelling technique is used for Boost converter. Proposed SMC comprises of two loops; voltage and current, controlled by Proportional Integral (PI) and Hysteresis respectively. Simulation of Boost converter with proposed controller shows good response in terms of less overshoot and settling time for initial transient, supply, load and reference variations.

Plant parasitic nematodes cause a great damage to all agricultural crops; they infect all parts of plant and cause reduction in yield. Synthetic (pesticides) nematicides have been used lately to combat the menace of nematodes on farmlands. Pesticide residues have been detected in fruits and vegetables due to persistence of nematicides in the environment. The disadvantages of pesticide use have brought about interest in alternative methods of managing plant parasitic nematodes. In this regard decayed and fresh stem bark of Anacardium occidentale were extracted, isolated and characterized. The crude extract and isolates were tested for nematicidal activity. Significant (p=0.05) differences were observed in the activity of the extracts. The isolated compounds from fresh extract (ANCO/FRS/CMP) and decayed extract (ANCO/DCD/CMP) of stem bark of A. occidentale extract exhibited higher juvenile mortality and reduced egg hatch whereby the activity of the isolated compound from decayed bark extract was significantly higher. The crude extract (ANCO/FRS/CRD and ANCO/DCD/CRD) had weaker nematicidal activity. Spectroscopic results revealed that microbial action on the buried stem bark produced a different compound which exhibited the nematicidal effect

An accurate system for diabetes prediction is proposed in this paper. The proposed system used K-nearest neighbor algorithm for eliminating the undesired data, thus reducing the processing time. However, a proposed classification approach based on Decision Tree (DT) to assign each data sample to its appropriate class. By experiments, the proposed system achieved high classification result which is 98.7% comparing to the existing system using Pima Indians Diabetes (PID) dataset.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the metabolic diseases diseases with high prevalence in Mexico, and this has increased recently the interest for the evaluation of the effects of consumption of plant extracts as a safe alternative for diabetes treatment. Recent studies have shown that sangre de grado (Jatropha dioica) extracts possess antioxidant properties. However, it is unknown if such plant infusions (aqueous extracts) have hypoglicemic properties. Hypoglycemic capacity and toxicity of an infusion or tea of sangre de grado (Jatropha dioica) were evaluated using in vivo models, using male albine Wistar rats (evaluation of hypoglycemic capacity), and Artemia salina larvae (determination of toxicity). Moreover, it was determined the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the infusions. Consumption of the evaluated infusion reduced the glucose levels in diabetic rats, having a higher hypoglycemic effect than the application of glybenclamide, and its antioxidant capacity was 2.5 mM equiv Trox/ gm BS. The evaluation of toxicity showed that the sangre de grado infusions were not toxic and can be consumed safely as a potential hypoglycemic agent.

The article examines the main areas of cooperation between the Orthodox Church and medical institutions in Russia. It is shown that the Church, as well as medical and preventive institutions, are trying to determine the necessary and appropriate vectors for the development of medical care for people who need it. The article reveals historical parallels, indicating the readiness of doctors and representatives of the Orthodox Church to solve emerging problems and determine the prospects for development. The relationship between the spiritual and physical health of the Russian population is shown, which manifests itself in the context of socio-economic reforms.\nWe consider the historical experience of organization of church medical aid, which can help in the development of algorithms and conceptual principles for the creation of charitable communities, the formation of which will ensure the stable functioning of medical institutions, regardless of political situation and geographical location.\nThe author independently conducted an analytical review of domestic and foreign literature on this topic, compiled a research program, developed statistical accounting forms, collected medical, historical and statistical information. The planning, compilation of statistical processing programs and the processing itself were carried out in educational institutions and scientific centers.

The purpose of this research is to achieve maximum ergodic capacity of wireless relay assisted network by designing relay linear processing. A novel linear beamforming is proposed for amplify-and-forward dual-hop multi-relay networks, where a signal to interference and noise ratio and signal to leakage and noise ratio maximization based linear beamforming is designed. This new design is applied to multiple relay nodes by using perfect CSI of channels between source to relays and relays to destination. The beamforming optimization problem is solved by using Fukunaga Koontz Transform. The scheme can achieve intra node array and distributed gains by using multiple antennas and multiple relays. It is revealed through Monte Carlo simulations that the proposed scheme out performs the existing conventional relay beamforming scheme in terms of ergodic capacity for case of multi-relay dual-hop multiple input multiple output(MIMO) network.

This study is a comparative causal. Population in this research is the rural banks (RBs) are scattered throughout Indonesia, amounting to 1,653 banks, whereas the samples were taken 73 rural banks (RBs) are included in the assets of the highest ranked national scale. Analysis technique used was PLS (Partial Least Square). \nResearch results show that: Source of fund management a significant effect on financial performance; fund usage management have a significant effect on financial performance; Credit management no significant effect on financial performance; Assets and liabilities management have a significant effect on the financial performance of rural banks (RBs); Marketing management significant negative effect on financial performance; Monetary policy has no significant effect on the financial performance; and we found there is significant effect on the financial performance of the Company Value.