A simple and efficient synthesis of 2H-indazoles is achieved from 2- primary amines, bromobenzaldehydes and sodium azide through domino condensation, C–N and N–N bond formations, catalyzed by a heterogeneous Cu(II)–Clay catalyst. The recyclable heterogeneous Cu(II)–Clay catalyst exhibited a remarkable activity for the title reaction without any additives. An assortment of structurally diverse 2H-indazoles were prepared in good to excellent yields from easily available starting materials by using this protocol. Cu(II)–Clay catalyst was characterized by using XRD, SEM and BET techniques.

In this paper the author handles the issue of secularism in African context and shows that it is wrongly defined due to the use of European inherited or mimicked standards. He explains that, while Western perception places religion out of the field of science, the naturalized epistemology of African indigenous knowledge demonstrates that religion is one of the three components of African traditional science and that contrary to Western Christianity and to Islam, African traditional religion (ATR) involves a scientific content explaining rationally the relationship between God, man and the universe, and cultural contents necessitated by the need to apply the scientific religious principles within specific milieus. Moreover, ATR thus defined leads to a scientific and normative discourse of morality. Therefore, any strategy of secularization in Africa must first make the distinction between the scientific content of ATR and its cultural ones. It is thus obvious that, as far ATR is concerned, African governments must adopt non-secular policy vis-à-vis its scientific aspects, as it is he case for any science, and apply secularism only toward its cultural contents.

Performance evaluation of a locally developed 60 litres mobile on-farm digester suitable for rural farm settlements is presented. Experimentation using cow dung and vegetable waste collected from within the farm was carried out to determine the performance of the digester. The digester was charged with selected substrates respectively with water in a ratio 1:2 for thirty days retention time within the mesophilic temperature range and comparative yield within the same operating conditions was studied. The results obtained from the gas production showed that cow dung produced a cumulative biogas peak yield of 0.702 litres with percentage yield of 3.51 % per 20 litre of slurry while vegetable waste produced a cumulative peak yield of 0.144 litres with 0.72 % per 20 litre of slurry. Significant yield started from the 17th day of retention for cow dung substrate while it started by the 24th day for vegetable waste. These results indicate the performance of the digester for gas production within a farm. It achieved advantageous yield of cow dung over vegetable waste like established digesters while showing the potentials of both substrates as sources of biogas. The results indicate the workability of the developed digester and its potentials for use within a farm settlement.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Logo therapy on suicide ideationand hopeamong women with AIDS thatcovered by Community ofvalues revival.\\nMethods: This study was semi-empirical pre-test - post-test with control group. The statistical population included all women with AIDS that covered by community of values revival,53 women from this community were evaluated by Miller (1988) hope questionnaire and Beck et al (1991) suicide ideation questionnaire, 26 subjects who theirhopescored was lower than 120 and their suicide ideation scored wasmore than 15 randomly divided into two groups, control group (n = 13) and experimental groups (n = 13). Then logo therapy method in 10 sessions were conducted one xperimental groups, In the end, both groups were assessed again by using research tools.\\nResults: The results showed that between experimental and control groups in terms of hope and suicide ideation after the intervention there was a significant difference (p<0.01). Also in the experimental group between hope scored and suicide ideation scored before and after intervention, significant differences were observed(p<0.01).\\n Conclusions: Logo therapy can increase hope and reduce suicide ideation in women with AIDS.

With the passage of time digital technology multiple computing solutions continue to evolve and communities/ group’s use these technologies expanded exponentially, which leads to quick adoption of the technology/ tolls of education support and enhancement programs. This paper on strategic plan for e-learning implementation is as a guide to help the colleges/ universities to fulfill the teaching requirement and students needs of e-learning modules.